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Kazakhstan vs Singapore

Crypto regulation comparison

← Back to map | Kazakhstan | Singapore
Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

Singapore

Singapore

Legal
Legal

Kazakhstan has a dual approach to crypto regulation. The Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC) operates as a regulated sandbox where licensed crypto exchanges can operate under AFSA supervision. Outside the AIFC, crypto regulation is more restrictive. Kazakhstan became a major mining hub after China's ban but has since tightened mining regulations.

Singapore is a leading global crypto hub with a comprehensive regulatory framework under the Payment Services Act (PSA) 2019, amended in 2022. MAS licenses Digital Payment Token (DPT) service providers for AML/KYC compliance and consumer protection. Singapore has no capital gains tax, making it attractive for crypto businesses and investors. However, MAS has progressively tightened retail investor protections, restricting crypto advertising and requiring risk warnings. Short term trading gains is considered income and taxed as such.

Tax Type Capital gains
Tax Type Varies
Tax Rate 10%
Tax Rate 0%-24%
Exchanges Yes Yes
Exchanges Yes Yes
Mining Yes Yes
Mining Yes Yes
Regulator AFSA (Astana Financial Services Authority), NBK (National Bank of Kazakhstan)
Regulator MAS (Monetary Authority of Singapore)
Stablecoin Rules AIFC (Astana International Financial Centre) has its own framework for digital assets including stablecoins
Stablecoin Rules MAS-regulated stablecoin framework (2023); SG-dollar stablecoins must meet reserve and disclosure requirements
Key Points
  • AIFC provides a regulatory sandbox for licensed crypto exchanges and businesses
  • Mining is legal and licensed, with a specific tax on electricity consumption for miners
  • Kazakhstan became the world's second-largest Bitcoin mining country after China's 2021 ban
  • 2022 mining crackdown introduced stricter licensing and energy consumption taxes
  • Outside AIFC, domestic crypto payments and exchanges face greater restrictions
Key Points
  • Payment Services Act (PSA) 2019 provides licensing for Digital Payment Token (DPT) services
  • MAS issues Major Payment Institution (MPI) and Standard Payment Institution (SPI) licenses for crypto
  • No capital gains tax on crypto for individuals; trading profits may be taxed if deemed business income
  • MAS introduced stablecoin regulatory framework in August 2023 for SG$-pegged stablecoins
  • Strict retail investor protection: crypto advertising restricted, no incentives for trading
Sources
Sources