Kazakhstan vs Poland
Crypto regulation comparison
Kazakhstan
Poland
Legal
Legal
Kazakhstan has a dual approach to crypto regulation. The Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC) operates as a regulated sandbox where licensed crypto exchanges can operate under AFSA supervision. Outside the AIFC, crypto regulation is more restrictive. Kazakhstan became a major mining hub after China's ban but has since tightened mining regulations.
Cryptocurrency is legal and regulated in Poland. Crypto capital gains are taxed at a flat 19% rate. The KNF (Polish Financial Supervision Authority) oversees crypto-related financial services, and VASPs must register for AML compliance. Poland has a growing crypto community and several domestic exchanges. MiCA applies from December 2024.
Tax Type
Capital gains
Tax Type
Capital gains
Tax Rate
10%
Tax Rate
19%
Exchanges
Yes
Exchanges
Yes
Mining
Yes
Mining
Yes
Regulator
AFSA (Astana Financial Services Authority), NBK (National Bank of Kazakhstan)
Regulator
KNF (Komisja Nadzoru Finansowego)
Stablecoin Rules
AIFC (Astana International Financial Centre) has its own framework for digital assets including stablecoins
Stablecoin Rules
Regulated under EU MiCA framework
Key Points
- AIFC provides a regulatory sandbox for licensed crypto exchanges and businesses
- Mining is legal and licensed, with a specific tax on electricity consumption for miners
- Kazakhstan became the world's second-largest Bitcoin mining country after China's 2021 ban
- 2022 mining crackdown introduced stricter licensing and energy consumption taxes
- Outside AIFC, domestic crypto payments and exchanges face greater restrictions
Key Points
- Flat 19% tax on crypto capital gains (PIT-38 annual declaration)
- Crypto-to-crypto transactions are not taxable events; only fiat conversions trigger tax
- VASPs must register in the AML register maintained by the Tax Administration Chamber
- KNF oversees market conduct and consumer protection for crypto services
- MiCA framework applicable from December 2024