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France vs Russia

Crypto regulation comparison

← Back to map | France | Russia
France

France

Russia

Russia

Legal
Partially Regulated

France has one of Europe's most developed crypto regulatory frameworks. The PACTE law (2019) established the PSAN (prestataire de services sur actifs numériques) registration regime, now transitioning to MiCA licensing. Crypto gains are subject to the 30% flat tax (prélèvement forfaitaire unique).

Russia's crypto regulation is complex and evolving. The 2021 'On Digital Financial Assets' law recognizes crypto as property but bans its use as a means of payment. Mining was legalized and regulated in 2024 under a new mining law. Crypto is taxed as income at 13-15%. The CBR pushed for a total ban on crypto trading but was overruled by the government, which favors regulation. International sanctions have complicated Russia's crypto landscape.

Tax Type Capital gains
Tax Type Income
Tax Rate 30%
Tax Rate 13-15%
Exchanges Yes Yes
Exchanges No No
Mining Yes Yes
Mining Yes Yes
Regulator AMF (Autorité des Marchés Financiers), ACPR
Regulator CBR (Central Bank of Russia), Ministry of Finance
Stablecoin Rules Regulated under MiCA; stablecoin issuers need e-money or credit institution license
Stablecoin Rules Crypto payments banned; digital ruble CBDC introduced
Key Points
  • 30% flat tax on crypto capital gains (12.8% income tax + 17.2% social charges) for non-professionals
  • PSAN registration required by AMF for all crypto service providers (mandatory since 2023)
  • Transitioning from PSAN regime to MiCA licensing framework in 2024-2025
  • Professional crypto traders may opt for progressive income tax rates
  • France is home to major crypto companies including Ledger and Société Générale's FORGE
Key Points
  • Digital Financial Assets law (2021) recognizes crypto as property but bans use as payment
  • Crypto mining officially legalized and regulated under 2024 mining legislation
  • Crypto income taxed at 13% (up to RUB 5M) or 15% (above RUB 5M)
  • Domestic crypto exchanges not legally operating; P2P trading widespread. CBR framework Dec 2025 targeting July 2026.
  • International sanctions have increased interest in crypto for cross-border transfers
Sources
Sources