Fiji vs Kazakhstan
Crypto regulation comparison
Fiji
Kazakhstan
Banned
Legal
All cryptocurrency and virtual asset services banned since August 2025; RBF has not licensed any VASP; penalties up to M fine or 14 years imprisonment
Kazakhstan has a dual approach to crypto regulation. The Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC) operates as a regulated sandbox where licensed crypto exchanges can operate under AFSA supervision. Outside the AIFC, crypto regulation is more restrictive. Kazakhstan became a major mining hub after China's ban but has since tightened mining regulations.
Tax Type
Unclear
Tax Type
Capital gains
Tax Rate
N/A
Tax Rate
10%
Exchanges
No
Exchanges
Yes
Mining
No
Mining
Yes
Regulator
Reserve Bank of Fiji
Regulator
AFSA (Astana Financial Services Authority), NBK (National Bank of Kazakhstan)
Stablecoin Rules
No stablecoin regulation
Stablecoin Rules
AIFC (Astana International Financial Centre) has its own framework for digital assets including stablecoins
Key Points
- No specific cryptocurrency legislation
- Reserve Bank warns about crypto risks
- Crypto not recognized as legal tender
- Limited crypto adoption
- No licensing framework for crypto services
Key Points
- AIFC provides a regulatory sandbox for licensed crypto exchanges and businesses
- Mining is legal and licensed, with a specific tax on electricity consumption for miners
- Kazakhstan became the world's second-largest Bitcoin mining country after China's 2021 ban
- 2022 mining crackdown introduced stricter licensing and energy consumption taxes
- Outside AIFC, domestic crypto payments and exchanges face greater restrictions