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Bulgaria vs Netherlands

Crypto regulation comparison

← Back to map | Bulgaria | Netherlands
Bulgaria

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Netherlands

Legal
Legal

Cryptocurrency is legal in Bulgaria and subject to a flat 10% tax on capital gains, one of the lowest in the EU. Bulgaria adopted the EU's MiCA framework and requires crypto service providers to register. The country has a notable history with crypto due to a large government Bitcoin seizure in 2017.

The Netherlands has one of Europe's strictest crypto regulatory regimes. DNB has overseen VASP registration since 2020 under the Dutch AML/CFT Act (Wwft), and many applications have been rejected. The Netherlands does not tax realized capital gains directly; instead, crypto holdings are taxed under the Box 3 wealth tax based on a deemed return on net assets. The AFM oversees market conduct. MiCA is now the governing framework.

Tax Type Capital gains
Tax Type Wealth
Tax Rate 10%
Tax Rate ~1.2-1.6% (deemed return)
Exchanges Yes Yes
Exchanges Yes Yes
Mining Yes Yes
Mining Yes Yes
Regulator NRA (National Revenue Agency), FSC (Financial Supervision Commission)
Regulator DNB (De Nederlandsche Bank), AFM (Autoriteit Financiële Markten)
Stablecoin Rules Regulated under EU MiCA framework
Stablecoin Rules Regulated under EU MiCA framework; DNB oversight
Key Points
  • Flat 10% personal income tax rate applies to crypto capital gains
  • VASPs must register with the NRA for AML compliance
  • MiCA framework applicable from December 2024
  • Bulgaria reportedly seized approximately 200,000 BTC in a 2017 crime bust (status debated)
  • No specific crypto legislation beyond EU directives and general tax law
Key Points
  • DNB requires VASP registration under the Wwft (AML Act); rigorous approval process
  • Only a limited number of VASPs have obtained DNB registration (many rejected or withdrawn)
  • Crypto taxed under Box 3 wealth tax: deemed return on net assets taxed at ~31-36% (effective ~1.2-1.6%)
  • AFM regulates crypto advertising and market conduct; banned crypto ads targeting retail in 2022
  • MiCA framework applicable from December 2024, transitioning from national DNB regime
Sources
Sources