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Japan vs Turkmenistan

Crypto regulation comparison

← Back to map | Japan | Turkmenistan
Japan

Japan

Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan

Legal
Legal

Japan is one of the world's most comprehensively regulated crypto markets. The Payment Services Act and Financial Instruments and Exchange Act govern crypto exchanges and tokens. Japan classifies crypto as "crypto-assets" and taxes gains as miscellaneous income at rates up to 55%, though reforms to lower this rate are under active discussion.

Turkmenistan enacted the Law on Virtual Assets effective January 2026, legalizing crypto exchanges and mining under Central Bank licensing. Crypto is treated as property, not legal tender.

Tax Type Income
Tax Type None
Tax Rate 15-55%
Tax Rate N/A
Exchanges Yes Yes
Exchanges Yes Yes
Mining Yes Yes
Mining Yes Yes
Regulator FSA (Financial Services Agency), JVCEA
Regulator Central Bank of Turkmenistan
Stablecoin Rules 2022 stablecoin law requires issuers to be licensed banks, trust companies, or fund transfer agents
Stablecoin Rules Regulated under Virtual Assets Law
Key Points
  • Crypto exchanges must register with the FSA under the Payment Services Act
  • Crypto gains taxed as miscellaneous income at up to 55% (national + local tax)
  • Japan's self-regulatory body JVCEA sets industry standards for exchanges
  • 2022 stablecoin legislation (revised Payment Services Act) regulates stablecoin issuance
  • Government considering tax reform to apply a flat 20% separate taxation on crypto gains
Key Points
  • Law on Virtual Assets enacted November 2025, effective January 2026
  • Crypto exchanges and mining require Central Bank licensing
  • Crypto treated as property, not legal tender
  • Banks prohibited from directly providing crypto services
  • Low electricity costs attract mining operations
Sources
Sources